Site: Penek
Country: Turkey
Region: The Marchlands, Northeastern Turkey
Location : 40° 40’ N, 42° 16’ E
Cultures: Georgian, Armenian
Description:

Penek [Georg: Bana; Arm: Banak] is a massive tetraconch church of Georgian construction (9th – 10th c) with a probable period of Armenian occupation.  The first major phase of construction, which completed the plan of the church with its continuous vaulted ambulatory, may have lasted over a century due to frequent interruptions.  Sometime after the 13th c. substantial damage, due to either earthquake or siege, was crudely repaired.  This site is located in the northeast corner of the Oltu-Penek Valley.

Ref: Marchlands 1, pp. 27-32; Tao, pp. 135-171.

Additional photos are in the reference above.

Alternate Site Names and Spellings: Bana, Banak, Բանակ, ბანა