Site: Toprak
Country: Turkey
Region: Cilicia, South-Central Turkey
Location : 37° 03’ N, 36° 08’ E
Cultures: Hittite, Arab, Crusader, Ottoman, Armenian, Byzantine, Mamluk
Description:

Toprak [Grk: Tili; Arab: Tall Ḥamdūn; Arm: Tʽil (Hamtun); Frank: Thi, Thila or Thil Hamd(o)un] is an impressive castle of Arab, Byzantine, Armenian, Crusader, Mamluk, and Ottoman construction.  This site is situated in the far eastern flank of Cilicia Pedias on the strategic highways to Tarsus, Anavarza, and Kadirli.  It also guarded many of the routes entering from Syria through the Anti-Taurus Mts.

Ref: Fortifications, pp. 244-253; Expedition, Ch. 23; Til, pp. 89-104; Crusader, p. 55; Castles, pp. 75-77; Burgen, pp. 140-153; Châteaux, pp. 99-100; Mamluks, pp. 89 ff.

Alternate Site Names and Spellings: Tili, Tall Ḥamdūn, Tʽil, Tʽil Hamtun, Til Hamdun, Til Hamtun, Թիլ, Թիլ Համտուն, Thil, Thila, Thil Hamdun, Thil Hamdoun, Til Hamdoun, Til Hamtoun, Τίλι