view NW at the outcrop, citadel (left), and the south circuit wall of the fortress of Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view NE at the exterior of the east end of the south circuit wall in the fortress of Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view NW at the exterior of the center of the south circuit wall in the fortress of Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view NE at the exterior of a tower (detail of central tower in Ks I.3) in the south circuit wall of the fortress of Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view NW at the exterior of a tower (detail of left tower in Ks I.3) in the south circuit wall of the fortress of Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view NW at the exterior of the citadel and its square-fronted entrance at the fortress of Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view NE at the exterior of the square-fronted entrance to the citadel at the fortress of Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view of a detail of the wall near the square-fronted entrance to the citadel at the fortress of Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view E from the top of the citadel (note entrance at center right) in the fortress of Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view W at the interior side of the square-fronted entrance (at left) to the citadel at the fortress of Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view W across the interior of the garrison fort to the citadel in the fortress of Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view E at the top of the south circuit wall and east end of the garrison fortress of Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view E at a tower in the east end of the fortress (detail of Ks I.2) (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view NE at the barracks along the interior of the north wall of the fortress (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view W at the exterior of the outer walls of the citadel in Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view NW at the exterior of the outer walls of the citadel in Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view NW at the interior of the citadel walls (donjon at upper right) in Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view N at the exterior of the donjon from within the citadel at Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view N at the exterior of the donjon from within the citadel at Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view W at the steps leading to the donjon within the citadel at Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view NW at the exterior of the entrance into the donjon within the citadel at Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view SE at the interior of the entrance into the donjon within the citadel at Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view SE from the citadel of Kars to the town below (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view NE at the exterior of the west entrance of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view N at the exterior of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view N at the exterior of the drum with reliefs of four of the twelve Apostles on the Church of the Holy Apostles in Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view NE at the interior of the apse (with the ornate stone iconostasis built by its Russian occupants in 1877) in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view E at the interior of the apse (detail of iconostasis) in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view NE at the interior of the apse (detail of iconostasis) in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view E into the squinch behind the iconostasis in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view NW at the interior of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Kars (cleaning the floor at the time when the museum closed and the church was about to be re-converted into a mosque) (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view NW with a detail of a squinch and the repair to the wall below with brick in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Kars (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)

view NW across Kars to the citadel and fortress (Robert W. Edwards, 1983)